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Advisory Committee on Health Effects of Endocrine Disruptors
The Supplement II to the Intermediary Report
1.4.2.2_1 |
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3) Retrospective case-control studies
Population-based studies include Millikan et al. (2000) who
reports a risk increase by PCB in a group entirely consisting of
blacks, and Romieu et al (2000) who found a risk increase by DDE
in a population in Mexico. In studies of a Canadian population,
Demers et al. did not observe effects of the total PCB in 2000
but detailed analysis in 2002 indicated significant risk
increase in a group with high levels of PCB118, PCB156 and mono-ortho-PCB
homologues in plasma. Pavuk et al (2003) report a decrease in
risk for the group with high serum levels of Wolff class 1
compounds (PCB28, 52, 101). Gammon et al. (2002) did not observe
risk increase by PCB or organochlorine pesticides. Using the
place and length of residence and fish intake as surrogate
exposure indexes, significant correlation of breast cancer risk
was found with the length of residence by McKelvey et al. (2004)
and, for women before menopause, with intake of fish from Great
Lakes by McElroy (2004), while Brody et al. (2004) observed no
significant correlation with exposure to pesticides applied
around the residence.
About the half of the 29 hospital-based studies observe any
significant correlation of increase in breast cancer risk : with
the total PCB, number of PCB peaks, and level of moderately
chlorinated PCB by Moysich et al (1998); with PCB77 and HCB for
estrogen receptor-positive postmenopausal women by Liljegren et
al. (1998); with DDE by Olaya-Contreras et al. (1998); in a
group of CYP1A1-val carriers exposed to high PCB level by
Moysich et al. (1999); with PCB183 by Stellman et al. (2000);
with PCB105 and PCB118 in premenopausal cases by Aronson et al.
(2000); with DDT by Wolff et al. (2000); with DDE in estrogen
receptor-negative cases by Woolcott et al. (2001); with DDT and
HCB by Charlier et al. (2002); in persons under 55 who have
experiences in farm work by Brophy et al. (2002); and with p,p'-DDE
and HCB by Charlier et al. (2004). Significantly higher levels
in blood were reported for DDE by Charles et al. (2001); and for
HCHs, heptachlor, aldrin, DDE, DDD, DDT, etc. by Mathur et al.
(2002). McMready et al. (2004) studied the relationship with
breast cancer risk of 19 organochlorine compounds including PCBs
and 7 polymorphic genes including CYP1A1 and GSTM1, as well as
their interactions. They found significant risk increases for
PCB105 and DDE, and significant interactions between GSTM1 and
oxychlordane, HCB and β-HCH. However, the researcher did not
conclude that gene polymorphism modifies breast cancer risk by
organochlorine compounds on the ground that the subject group
was small (70 cases) and that the tests were repeated many
times. Holford et al. (2000) observed a significant decrease of
risk. Other papers do not report any significant correlation
with breast cancer risk. No other substance was correlated with
the risk, either. |
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