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Advisory Committee on Health Effects of Endocrine Disruptors
The Supplement II to the Intermediary Report
1.4.2.2_8 |
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4. Farm work
Kristensen (1997) reported that farm work increases hypospadias
risk, but this conclusion was refuted by Weidner (1998).
Weidner et al. (1998) conducted a case-control study on the
relationship of farm work of parents with hypospadias and
cryptorchidism of their children by linking Danish population,
patients and infertility databases (1,345 cases of hypospadias
and 23,273 subjects as the control). Data on children born
between 1983 and 1992 indicate a higher cryptorchidism risk for
farming or gardening mothers, but no significant increase in
hypospadias risk was observed (OR = 1.27 (95% CI = 0.81-1.99)
for farming or gardening mothers, OR = 1.1927 (95% CI =
0.96-1.49) for farming or gardening fathers).
Kristensen et al. (1997) performed a case-control study of
congenital malformation risk for farm workers based on Norwegian
birth, population and agriculture registries linked together
(5,607 cases with congenital malformation, 270 with hypospadias,
and 253,768 as the control). For children born in 1967-91,
increase in hypospadias risk was not correlated with farm work
of the parents (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.75-1.34). On the other
hand, pesticide spraying using tractors, and pesticide spraying
plus grain production employing tractors, were recognized to
increase risk of birth of babies with hypospadias, which was
ascribed to exposure during farm work (OR = 1.38, 95% CI =
0.95-1.99 and OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.00-2.26, respectively).
Association with farm work was also observed for cryptorchidism.
5. Waste treatment plants
A case-control study by Dolk et al. (1998) discusses association
of congenital malformation with waste landfills based on data
for mothers living around 21 landfills in five European
countries (1089 cases with congenital malformations, of which 45
with hypospadias, and 2366 as the control). The risk of birth of
babies with congenital malformations was higher for distances
from a landfill to home under 3 km than 3-7 km. Hypospadias risk
also showed a similar tendency (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 0.98-3.92).
6. Environmental pollution
A case-control study was conducted on children with hypospadias
born in three Sicilian cities: Augusta, where hydrocarbon
exposure is likely due to oil and petrochemical plants; Vittoria,
an agricultural city where pesticide exposure is frequent; and
Catania, a commercial city with a lower exposure level as the
control. The prevalence of hypospadias per 1000 male newborns
was 12.1 and 7.4 in Augusta and Vittoria, respectively, compared
with 1.7 in Catania. Using an expected prevalence calculated
from the prevalence in the entire Sicily, RR = 3.8 (95% CI =
2.16-6.14) and 2.3 (95% CI = 1.48-3.43), respectively, were
obtained for Augusta and Vittoria, which were statistically
significant against expectancy calculated for all births based
on the Poisson distribution (P = 0.00003 for Augusta, 0.04 for
Vittoria). Odds rates also showed increases according to
fathers' occupational exposure: OR = 5.5 (95% CI = 1.22-24.7)
for oil refinery workers in Augusta and OR = 2.9 (95% CI =
1.01-8.55) for greenhouse workers in Vittoria (Bianca 2003).
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