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[Effects on organ formation]
2.8 Hypospadias [Summary]
Literature survey concerning epidemiology of endocrine
disruptors and hypospadias was performed. Searching the PubMed
database retrieved 5 reports published up to Dec. 31, 2000,
consisting of 1 cohort study and 4 case-control studies. Since
Jan. 1, 2001, a cohort study and 2 case-control studies were
published. No Japanese subject was studied in these papers. One
of the cohort studies reported a risk increase due to DES
exposure in utero. A nested case-control study on biological
samples found no significant correlation with the malformation
with 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p’-DDE) in
mother's serum. Hypospadias is thus scarcely studied in relation
to organochlorine compounds and need more detailed studies.
[Purpose]
Hypospadias is one of relatively frequently observed
malformations. Since testosterone from fetal testicles is
instrumental in urethra formation, exposure of the fetus to endo-
and exogenous estrogens represents a risk. Literature was
reviewed to find epidemiologic studies involving organochlorine
compounds or other substances relevant to this subject.
[Method]
The PubMed database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi)
provided by National Library of Medicine was searched with a
strategy "hypospadias AND (insecticides OR pesticides OR
chlorinated hydrocarbons OR pesticides OR chlorinated
hydrocarbons OR pcbs OR bisphenol OR phenol OR phthalate OR
styrene OR furan OR organotin OR diethylstilbestrol OR ethinyl
estradiol) AND (human)" for a period up to Oct. 31, 2004. From
among the citations retrieved, original papers reporting
epidemiologic studies on human populations were selected, and,
as necessary, other articles cited in these papers or reviews
were added.
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