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Advisory Committee on Health Effects of Endocrine Disruptors
The Supplement II to the Intermediary Report
1.5.5 |
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4.2 Epidemiologic studies
[Results]
1) Two cohort studies and four nested case-control studies on
organochlorines and breast cancer, a cohort study and a nested
cohort study on prostatic cancer have been published since 2001.
They were not always unanimous in association of exposure with
the diseases. The same applies to a cohort study on effects of
DES on ovarian cancer, one for testicular cancer, and two on
thyroid cancer. No cohort study has appeared on uterine body
cancer. No Japanese subject was studied in these papers.
Several epidemiologic studies, including those before 2001, have
been reported on the association of organochlorines and other
chemicals with breast, uterine body, ovarian, prostatic,
testicular and thyroid cancer, which, however, do not provide
any strong evidence of relevance.
2) No cohort study on thyroid functions has appeared since 2001.
Several studies, including those before 2001, report some or
other effects of high-level PCB exposure on thyroid functions,
but the reliability is questionable and does not permit to draw
any definitive conclusion on the relevance. Effects of exposure
to PCBs or other organochlorines at environmental level are even
more poorly understood.
3) A cohort study has been published since 2001 on hypospadias
which showed a significant risk increase by DES. A nested cohort
study on DDE did not support association. Reports on the
incidence in Japan have been varying. Recent molecular
biological studies suggest existence of vulnerable subgroups. As
for cryptorchidism, an intervention study showed significant
risk increase by DES exposure. Two nested case-control studies
on organochlorines did not provide a ground for definitive
conclusion. No data on Japanese subjects exist because the two
malformations have not been monitored.
DES has been suggested to influence the organogenesis, but the
studies have limited scope so that they do not permit to draw
definitive conclusion. Epidemiologic studies have scarcely been
conducted on other chemical substances and no evaluation is
possible on association with disorders.
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